Hawarden Castle, North Wales. Originally a Norman motte and bailey castle which was reportedly destroyed and replaced during the 13th century, and for good reason. Tensions between the nations were rising, and the castle played an important role during the Welsh struggle for independence soon after it was rebuilt. On Easter Sunday 1282 it was captured by Dafydd ap Gruffudd whose attack thereby started the final Welsh conflict with Norman England, in the course of which Welsh independence was lost. King Edward I's sense of outrage was such that he designed a punishment for Dafydd harsher than any previous form of capital punishment; Dafydd was hanged, drawn and quartered in Shrewsbury in October 1283. The Castle itself survived for several more centuries until after the English Civil War in the 17th century, when like so many others, the castle was slighted on the orders of Oliver Cromwell.